These are: An assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code. The tubes The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip controls the most basic functions of the computer and performs a self-test every time you turn it on. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; x[r+&YU@lJSvB%d#QTD[/\{g\\S The processor also stores the instructions being currently executed into the main memory. Let's try the number D=55. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. software Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. (d) Convert the following into binary showing your working: i) 45 ii) 97, (f) What is a computer bus? many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. In decimal form, 1+1=2. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. very low i. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. When data is being entered, heat from the laser produces tiny spots on the disk surface. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. B. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. peripherals can be attached to them. This opens the possibility to write data in two layers. The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. For example, the textbook give the user output This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. gigabytes. A program must tell the computer each of a set of tasks to perform, in a framework of logic, such that the computer knows exactly what to do and when to do it. Hard drive failures are generally pretty easy to troubleshoot, in part because the operating system will include tools to report on the hard drive's reliability when it's accessible.. Now we need to do the remaining digits. Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed Central Processing Unit is Tapes come in a number of forms, including l/2-inch-wide tape wound on a reel, l/4-inch-wide tape in data cartridges and cassettes, and tapes that look like ordinary music cassettes but are designed to store data instead of music. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board The data layer is only half as thick as in the CD-ROM. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and gigabytes. iv. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for the micro era based on large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb size IC, hence the size reduced. Assembly language is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. Two read/write heads are on each arm, one facing up for the surface above it and one facing down for the surface below it. A CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase and write again. Begin by thinking of a few examples. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. Input devices enter information to be processed by the processor. Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture A little glass window is installed in the top of the History of computers Representations -- Datatypes and capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) EAROM It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ .+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many Explain how information is stored in a computer stream notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually higher voltages around 12 volts). The number 76, for example, takes only two digits to write in decimal, yet takes seven digits to write in binary (1001100). Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. device. retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. The lecture Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with D. Types of computers. ci Ny&V3Otu1gz=} -`iA2(]^,{X+b'Md90sob^V}+^LgaCt4'USr?idz}KiLn[!e8$-$+O;7m%z1+$9]ZumJxC|h$? 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: B. computer can process That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. Different industries also use this huge computer for Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. Direct-access storage allows you to access the 125th record without first having to read the 124 records in front of it. CHAPTER 2: BASIC HARDWARE UNITS OF A COMPUTER 14, CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)/PROCESSOR: 16, HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN COMPUTERS 21, CHAPTER FIVE: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS 39, THIRD GENERATION HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 43, CHAPTER EIGHT: DISKS AND SECONDARY STORAGE 55, CHAPTER NINE: HOW TO UPGRADE A SLOW COMPUTER 67, CHAPTER TEN: INTRODUCTION TO BINARY NUMBERS 70, BASIC CONCEPTS BEHIND THE BINARY SYSTEM 71, ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY 77. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. FACE RECOGNITION AND SIMILAR, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS. A binary digit (1 or 0) is known as a BInary digiT which in short is a bit. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS Particularly step 3, "filling in the zeros." To convert from hexadecimal to binary, simply look at the chart above and replace each digit in the hexadecimal number with its corresponding four-digit binary number. Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the information you have derived from processing; that is why secondary storage is needed. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board called a mother board. The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. To quote many a computer user, "I just couldn't envision how I could use all that disk space. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary storage, can be used only temporarily. Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. There is also the possibility of errors introduced by software. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". This change further decreased the size, heat output and the maintenance complexity of the computers while increasing its speed. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Large computers have dozens or ever hundreds of disk drives. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. Hard Drive: SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Course Info Instructors Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). They are expensive to install. South bridge -Refers to the Peripheral Bus Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for implementing a PCI-to-ISA bridge function and for managing the ISA bus and all the ports. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. college. the number 193 is really {(1*10^2)+(9*10^1)+(3*10^0)}. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. Pages 4-. Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. To converty from binary to hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number into blocks of four digits. Perhaps more important than capacity, however, is the convenience of speed. Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. Micro computers For personal computer users, an easy and inexpensive way to back up a hard disk file is to simply copy it to a diskette whenever it is updated. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. The first IBM PC motherboard had only a processor and card slots. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. You should also They were huge in size and occupy a room. Performance and Code They can be used as servers in companies. The following program written in BASIC language is to add two given numbers. Main Memory The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. To appreciate this, suppose you had an empty disk pack on which you wished to record data. They are shown in the block diagram below. floppy disk controller. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical WebCS385 Computer Architecture, Lecture 1 Reading: Patterson & Hennessy - Chapter 1 Topics: Introduction, Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine huge in size and occupy a room. They The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). B. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. with the ISA. Input Devices Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. details than what we will cover in the lecture. @@TTA first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. All the tracks thus encountered, in the same position on each disk surface, comprise a cylinder. To execute an assembly language program it should first be translates into an equivalent machine language program. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. It is the smallest of the three computers. Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a computer doubling it in some cases. An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. P.O. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. Once the data has been processed by the processor, the data can be displayed by the output devices. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of The design of these computers was based on VLSI (very large scale integration) technology, the micro chip technology that gave rise to the smaller computers known as the micro computers in use today. 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