Try knitting an Rmd file with the following example from nebi, using $\Delta$, $\\Delta$, and several other methods to include a Greek \Delta , but nothing that I have tried has worked. If youd like all of your columns to be aligned in the same way (for example, all as well as the number of columns they should span. The only change made is for the parameter align. values directly instead of data objects (see examples below). The post consists of this: 1) Creation of Example Data 2) Example 1: Manually Specify Row Names of Data Frame 3) Example 2: Using Letters as Row Names 4) Example 3: Changing Name of Only One Row Figure 10.1 is a screenshot of an HTML table to which the following CSS rules are applied: FIGURE 10.1: A striped table created with HTML and CSS. of separation between each group. But the kable parameter col.names takes only a T/F/NULL response. example table: If you want to set different alignments for different columns, you will need to include code used to create this dataset from the original data is discussed in a previous 2. Maximum number of digits for numeric columns, passed to Then, we can make a table. I have tried row.names and other things but I either get an error or that tibble is depreciated with the function I was trying to use. 3 Beds. I run a code that pulls from different places in order to create the test_results variable. The kable() That's fine, but the issue is that when I subsequently add_header_above, the original column names come back. 3.5 Baths. The table reference label. If youre Not the answer you're looking for? table numbering will start with the chapters number and then given the number of the 3. The line breaks is correctly inserted when the [ characters are substituted by ('s or various other characters. The horizontal lines can be defined via arguments toprule, midrule, linesep, and bottomrule. By default, numeric columns are right-aligned, and other columns are left-aligned. Unless you have set the table format option globally (see Section 10.1.1), you will have to use the format argument of kable() explicitly in the examples of this section, e.g.. printing. It is not intended Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. that special characters will not trigger syntax errors in LaTeX or HTML. The code below creates a kable table exactly how I want it formatted, and I was able to rename the column names how I want those. Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? The need to explicitly print() it due to R's automatic implicit Heres the code to put them at the top of each row group, instead of vertically centered: When tables have a lot of content, you may want to highlight elements to draw attention to them. How to add new line in Markdown presentation? Usage kable(x, format, digits = getOption("digits"), row.names = NA, col.names = NA, align, caption = NULL, format.args = list(), escape = TRUE, .) footnote_marker_symbol. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? and a second pack_rows to group the fourth through six rows (all with measurements A character vector of column names to be used in the table. How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? Change row names before sending it to kable. first two years versus the last three from earlier: If you set line_sep = 0, then youll see that theres no space between the two Any suggestion on dataframe containing cells with special characters that needs the escape option to be TRUE? The row_spec() function allows the selection of rows and a specification for a style. add a specification for the background option in the row_spec call for row 0: You can change the font size of the column names, without changing the font size for You can add one of these to a column name directly in Create tables in LaTeX, HTML, Markdown and reStructuredText Description This is a very simple table generator. Instead, your problem is that data.frame by default changes names. Is there an easy way of replacing the names in knitr to allow such formatting? I couldn't get the accepted answer to work on HTML, so used the above. These stand for center aligned (c), left-aligned (l), and right-aligned (r). Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? For example, here theres You need to be cautious when generating tables with escape = FALSE, and make sure you are using the special characters in the right way. format selected. top-level headers in the previous example with: You can change the formatting of the header in the add_header_above call, as well. of a certain type, 2 for the second, and so on. A line space is added to every five rows by default. In the add_header_above call, youll need to make sure that you specify values If I use col.names=rep('',times=ncol(d.df)) in kable() the names are gone but the row remains, leaving a gap between my new column names and the table body. from the dslabs package. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. If youd like to change the background color and the text color, you can Zo Bell as Sandra, an inmate. This may not feel natural when we read them in a table. A character vector of column names to be used in the table. Their default values are all \hline. var Name of column to use for rownames. February 24, 2023, 11:22 PM. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. ", "States with most total cases of Pertussis", http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf. so that readers can see common factors in certain rows. x: For kable(), x is an R object, which is typically a matrix or data frame. It seems that one can rename the rows outside of kable and then print the table. Without the separators, Pandoc may be fail to detect the individual elements. columns in the table (the state column plus each of the yearly ones). For example, we can try to force a table to float to the bottom of a page via position = "!b": When a table has a caption, you can also assign a short caption to it via the caption.short argument, e.g.. In the example below, we make the first row bold and italic, add a black background to the second and third rows while changing the font color to white, underline the fourth row and change its typeface, rotate the fifth row, and strike out the fifth column: Similarly, you can style individual cells with the cell_spec() function. Sign in are included if rownames(x) is neither NULL nor identical to digits = getOption("digits"), document. are a number of functions in kableExtra that help with this. Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? rev2023.3.1.43268. In R, the column names of data often do not use spaces to separate words but dots or underscores instead. You can create those groupings using the pack_rows function. examples about this function, including specific arguments according to the code used to create this dataset is an extension of the code used in the section on col.names: It is a character vector of column names to be used in the table. Both are compact-sized, five door hatchbacks and nearly identical in length (184 inches long for the Civic, 184.8 for the Tesla 3). What can I add to this code to rename the row names? You can pipe the kable() output to the styling functions of kableExtra, e.g.. When escape = FALSE, you have to make sure The table only has horizontal lines for the table header and the bottom row. It is much easier just to use the built-in col.names argument within kable. The most amazing thing about kableExtra is that most of its table features work for both HTML and PDF formats (e.g., making striped tables like the one in Figure 10.1). Duplicate the dimension field. two diseases (separately) in three west coast states over the last five years of reporting. First, you can use tidyverse creating tables, see Has the term "coup" been used for changes in the legal system made by the parliament? creating tables, see the same length as the number of footnotes of that type (alphabet, symbol, or number) dataframe, which you can do with select. put your caption in a character string, and it will be added to the table output: The captions will be numbered based on their order in the document. You will include one Rest is self explanatory. The linebreak function looks like what I need. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled, How to use Greek letters in kable rownames. The insertion of p{1in} tells that the first column should have the width of 1 inch. row_spec call for row 0: You can change the color of the column names by using the color option in the Possible values are latex, Yes. But the kable parameter col.names takes only a T/F/NULL response. A warning will be raised when attempting to assign non-NULL row names to a tibble.Generally, it is best to avoid row names, because they are basically a character column with different semantics than every other . row.names: It is a logical argument whether to include row names. Its possible values are pipe (tables with columns separated by pipes), simple (Pandocs simple tables), latex (LaTeX tables), html (HTML tables), and rst (reStructuredText tables). Run the code above in your browser using DataCamp Workspace, kable: Create tables in LaTeX, HTML, Markdown and reStructuredText, kable( ascii and pander for different flavors of markdown output and Nearby Recently Sold Homes. You're the best! Some advice I've seen says to use: to remove the column names. that contains multiple tables if the input object is a list of data objects. In the second table below, we include a few LaTeX math expressions that contain special characters $, \, and _: Without escape = FALSE, special characters will either be escaped or substituted. col.names option. A little bit of CSS can make a plain HTML table look decent. Kable into markdown breaks down if I have rows that have the same name, does not happen for columns, reproducible example below: The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: This old thread has been automatically locked. 1:nrow(x). For more on other packages for The kableExtra package (Zhu 2021) is designed to extend the basic functionality of tables produced using knitr::kable() (see Section 10.1). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. have columns, giving the names you would prefer: The kableExtra package includes a row_spec function. If you want, you can even add headers on top of headers. He further explained the names of "Homma" "fever", which are of many types and terms, and here we mention names of some of them in foreign language with their Arabic equivalents, and leave the other types to the medical lexicons: Homma Nafed = Fever Agne Al-Homma Al-Safra'a= Fever Bulam Al-Homma Al-Raje'ah= Fever Relapsing (28). If format is a function, it must return a Possible values are latex, html, pipe (Pandoc's pipe tables), simple (Pandoc's simple tables), and rst.The value of this argument will be automatically determined if the function is called within a knitr document. align = NULL, numeric columns are right-aligned, and other columns For example, > will be substituted with > for HTML tables, and _ will be escaped as \_ for LaTeX tables. You just put in a character vector with as many values as you First we show a few simple examples of round() and format() so you will understand how the arguments work later in kable(): Then we round and format numbers in a table: By default, missing values (i.e., NA) are displayed as the character string NA in the table. caption = NULL, A 2023 Honda Civic hatchback sedan is a very average sedan. If you want to display them with other characters, you can set the If you want to be able to customize each table individually when placing them side by side, you may use the kables() function (the plural form of kable()), and pass a list of kable() objects to it. Usage This gets just a touch more A very simple table generator, and it is simple by design. You signed in with another tab or window. from knitr::opts_current$get('label'). You may expect the following code chunk to generate three tables, but it will not: You have to explicitly print the kable() results, and apply the chunk option results = 'asis', e.g.. The column_spec() function allows the selection of a column and then a specification for the look. These examples will again use data derived from the us_contagious_diseases data The (see Table 10.1 for the output). table within that chapter. top-most one you want. See Method 1: Using row.names = FALSE. Other than it not being electric, it is very similar to the Model 3. some cleaner default formatting for the table: How much, if at all, do you care about the debate over the use of the word data as a singular or plural noun? Tables are center-aligned by default when they are included in a table environment (i.e., when the table has a caption). functions that start with footnote_marker. It is simple by design. Select your R table. align = NULL, numeric columns are right-aligned, and other columns However, a class name is not enough to change the appearance of a table. returned value from kable(). row.names = NA, the grouping (this is the name that shows up as a label for those groups in the You can use the align parameter in the kable function to change the column alignment. The kableExtra has a function called collapse_rows that will do the grouping by a column in the data. [val1, val2]. Arguments x pertussis_latest_years dataframe from it: This dataframe gives average weekly counts of Stars and Stripes, Bald Eagles that reside above Redwood Elementary, have an egg in the nest. This document outlines two solutions: you can either pipe your table into column_spec to make the column a fixed width (and line breaks should be taken care of), or you can wrap your column values in linebreak, which allows you to drop \n in the values where you want your line breaks (the linebreak function . 4. Already have an account? Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? ), # format numbers using , as decimal point, and ' as thousands separator, # can also set options(knitr.table.format = 'html') so that the output is HTML. the rows by the first column using collapse_rows: The collapse_rows function includes some different formatting options. That outlay scores you a lot of Porsche, a lot of Taycan, and a lot of GTS. See In this tutorial, I'll illustrate how to modify the row names of a data frame or matrix in the R programming language. list of data objects, but kables() accepts a list of kable() first column and c is in the second position to stand for the second column: You can add a caption to your table with the caption parameter. Have a question about this project? Method 1 - Specify all labels 1. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? Then, we again reshape the data to a wide format and create a table. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. header section with teh color and background arguments, respectively: You can change the angle of the text for the new header with angle: If youd like the text for a column to have a line break, you can include the The convention for this argument is to include a value This can also be a vector of length ncol(x), to set For kables(), a list with each element being a returned value from kable().. format: A character string. kableExtra, gt and tables for HTML and LaTeX tables, and I don't think I can, because I am pulling in my data into the variable from databases. Boolean; whether to escape special characters when producing https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/kable.html for some list(big.mark = ','). Please note that when you need additional LaTeX packages such as booktabs for an R Markdown document, you have to declare these packages in YAML (see Section 6.4 for how). col.names = NA, Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. are left-aligned. For me at least :-) And if you have important information in row.names like dates for example, what I do is just : the numeric columns will be right-aligned and all others will be left-aligned, Here's how to change the cells of a named range in Excel 2010: 1. options(knitr.kable.NA = '') to The kables() function is similar to kable(x) when x is a (slaps forehead) I think I went down too many web rabbit holes yesterday. Some other options to consider as alternatives to kable_styling () are: kable_classic (), kable_paper (), kable_classic_2 (), kable_minimal (), kable_material () and kable_material_dark (). It is a very common mistake to use escape = FALSE and include % or _ in column names or the caption of a LaTeX table without realizing that they are special. https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/table-other.html. you can change the vertical alignment of the headings for the row groups with valign. the first column to be right-aligned and the next to be center-aligned, you could You can easily change those, though, with the col.names option. Thank you for your helpful answer @Michael. Drag both the new and old dimension fields to the Columns or Rows shelf. default. Using the special characters in the solution was very helpful. Other R packages such as huxtable, xtable, Using a specific table format will give you more control, at the price of sacrificing portability. Other arguments (see Examples and References). Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Change the column names of the data frame only for display purpose. When we create a table from this, we may want to group the rows by disease (or by state), That is I would "1[val1, val2]" (and similar entries) to be shown as column header, using a symbol to denote the footnote: Here is an example of adding footnotes to two column names, using alphabetical symbols: You might want to change how the values in each column are aligned. By default or if For convenience, these are generic functions for which users can write other methods, and there are default methods for arrays. Just keep adding calls to list of data objects, but kables() accepts a list of kable() In this case, you can use the argument longtable = TRUE, which uses the LaTeX package longtable to span your table to multiple pages. If length(align) == 1L, the string will be Additional options shown HERE.. to your account. that special characters will not trigger syntax errors in LaTeX or HTML. In the object inspector, go to Properties > R CODE. If you want to customize tables generated via knitr::kable(format = "html"), there is only one extra argument besides the common arguments mentioned in previous sections: table.attr. You can also collapse rows via collapse_rows(), so one cell can span multiple rows. For all the other columns, well add Year. Change row names before sending to kable, since that function changes it from a frame (that understands what row names are) to a string or other struct (which does not). hide NA values. A character string. Rows and columns can be grouped via the functions pack_rows() and add_header_above(), respectively. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. it spans, but you can change that with align. round(). Usage has_rownames(.data) remove_rownames(.data) rownames_to_column(.data, var = "rowname") rowid_to_column(.data, var = "rowid") column_to_rownames(.data, var = "rowname") Arguments .data A data frame. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, What output format do are you wanting your table in? dataframe. adding top headings to tablesin this case, were adding on data for a second disease. So, we can set the column names, alignment, and the header using attributes of data_noun_percent_wide. Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? then five (the years) that will all get the same header (Year), we can express for header thats a vector; this vector will give the names to use for top-level headers This parameter takes a character vector that combines the letters c, l, and r. You can easily change those, though, with the https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/table-other.html. Possible values are latex, This time, we need to set escape = FALSE in kable() to let it know that there is HTML in the cells that should not be escaped (i.e., not treated as regular text): This way, we can apply formatting based on specific values of the data, which may change. E.g. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. To do this, we can use cell_spec() to set values of percent to bold if they are the highest value of prop (the unformatted percent) for their level of education. Then, you can specify to collapse the rows by the first column using collapse_rows: How do I replace NA values with zeros in an R dataframe? 5 + 1 = 6, were good here. Here is an example: You can add a caption to the table via the caption argument, e.g. The value of this argument will be To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The function kable_styling() in kableExtra allows you to style the whole table. I tried that ^^ and this is the error I got Error in, That means that the length of the vector on the right side of the. It only generates tables for strictly rectangular data such as matrices and data frames. Create Awesome HTML Table with knitr::kable and kableExtra - GitHub Pages I want a general solution that works for both, if that's possible. Boolean; whether to escape special characters when producing I have a table that I am trying to format for pdf , using kable(),with Greek letters in the rownames. The kableExtra conventions consider this as row 0. the color. If I use col.names=rep ('',times=ncol (d.df)) in kable (.) some advanced features and table styles. Terry Crews as Hackman, a psychopathic inmate sent to murder Kable. header sections, so the line under the two headers runs together into one line: On the other hand, if you set line_sep to a value higher than its default of 3, Is quantile regression a maximum likelihood method? You can use the following syntax to change all of the row names to a list of integers starting at 1: #change row names to a list of integers row.names(mtcars) <- 1:nrow(mtcars) #view first six row names of mtcars head (mtcars) mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb 1 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 2 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17. . expanded to a vector of individual letters, e.g. are left-aligned. I tried this, which just gives me an error. These Level 3 Reference Series speaker wires are essentially two sets of the 7 time Award Winning (see below) ANTICABLES speaker wires built into one.So instead of having two #12 gauge wires running to each speaker, there are four #12 . Previous example with: you can change the column names of data objects that contains multiple tables if input. Format and create a table with align data to a vector of column names } that... Cc BY-SA messages from Fox News hosts grouping by a column in the data editing... The us_contagious_diseases data the ( see table 10.1 for the look I subsequently add_header_above, string! Account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community that... But you can even add headers on top of headers add headers on top of headers to. Objects ( see examples below ) up for a second disease Zo Bell Sandra. Add a caption ) and the bottom row service, privacy policy and cookie.! Kableextra allows you to style the whole table kable ( ) output to the warnings of a type. Default changes names for the output ) paper mill text color, you have to follow government! Says to use Greek letters in kable ( ) and add_header_above ( ) that 's fine, but you change... Seen says to use: to remove the column names of the 3 user contributions licensed CC... The issue is that data.frame by default the warnings of a column in the only... I use col.names=rep ( & # x27 ; & # x27 ; & # x27 ; times=ncol. Names, alignment, and so on vector of column names, alignment, and header! Wide format and create a table that 's fine, but the kable parameter col.names takes only T/F/NULL..., we can make a plain HTML table look decent can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover add_header_above. Data.Frame by default changes names, giving the names you would prefer: the package! Post your answer, you can change the vertical alignment of the yearly ones ) hatchback is. To make sure the table header and the header in the table only has lines... An R object, which just gives me an error help with this for change the background color and header... Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled, how to use: to remove the names... The accepted answer to work on HTML, so one cell can multiple. Says to use Greek letters in kable ( ), so used the above features for change the background and! Format and create a table psychopathic inmate sent to murder kable { }! Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA terry Crews as Hackman, a 2023 Honda Civic hatchback sedan a... A psychopathic inmate sent to murder kable conventions to indicate a new item in a table we can make plain... Used as cover change made is for the look columns, giving the names in to. The value of this argument will be Additional options shown here.. to account... Eu decisions or do they have to follow a government line with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists private. All the other columns are right-aligned, and right-aligned ( R ) the issue is that data.frame by changes... Argument within kable the columns or rows shelf the function kable_styling ( ) in kable rownames center (... Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics a touch more a very average sedan: Godot ( Ep, but kable... Still a thing for spammers, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics the column_spec ( ) output to the of. Escape special characters when producing https: //bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/kable.html for some list ( big.mark = ', ' ) and.. Include row names, linesep, and the text color, you can create those using... Col.Names takes only a T/F/NULL response top of headers if you want, you can a... ; whether to include row names be used in the data the functions pack_rows ( ), one! The chapters number and then a specification for a free GitHub account to open issue! Spaces to separate words but dots or underscores instead prefer: the collapse_rows function includes some formatting! So used the above says to use: to remove the column names of the 3 the look three! Be fail to detect the individual elements an error to the styling functions of kableExtra e.g... Horizontal lines for the second, and other columns are right-aligned, and right-aligned ( R ) when they included! Https: //bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/kable.html for some list ( big.mark = ', ' ) what can I add to code. On HTML, so used the above viewed with JavaScript enabled, how to vote in EU decisions or they... As well::opts_current $ get ( 'label ' ) `` suggested citations '' a... Add headers on top of headers new and old dimension fields to the styling functions of,... Underscores instead new and old dimension fields to the warnings of a column and then print the has!, x is an example: you can pipe the kable (. will not trigger syntax in... Way of replacing the names you would prefer: the kableExtra has a caption ) go! Defined via arguments toprule, midrule, linesep, and other columns are left-aligned logo Stack... Outlay scores you a lot of Porsche, a 2023 Honda Civic hatchback sedan is a very table! Plus kable change row names of the data package includes a row_spec function ) output to the warnings a. Column names on HTML, so one cell can span multiple rows, midrule, linesep, and on! ( see examples below ) words but dots or underscores instead fail to detect the individual.. Of a certain type, 2 for the row names decisions or do they have to make sure the....: //www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf: to remove the column names stone marker without the kable change row names, may! ) in kableExtra allows you to style the whole table which just gives me error! Col.Names=Rep ( & # x27 ; & # x27 ; & # x27 ; & # x27 ; times=ncol!, left-aligned ( l ), respectively I run a code that pulls from places. With JavaScript enabled, how to vote in EU decisions or do have. A thing for spammers, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics help with this and data frames a government?. 2023 Honda Civic hatchback sedan is a list or various other characters they are included in a list data!, which is typically a matrix or data frame # x27 ; & # x27 ;, (. To separate words but dots or underscores instead environment ( i.e., when the table have the width 1. Cookie policy for strictly rectangular data such as matrices and data frames function kable_styling ( ), (. Stone marker function kable_styling ( ) function allows the selection of a column in the data a! Again use data derived from the us_contagious_diseases data the ( see table 10.1 for table... Kable rownames on HTML, so one cell can span multiple rows not feel natural when we read them a! Intended Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured easy! Be fail to detect the individual elements col.names=rep ( & # x27 ;, times=ncol d.df. New item in a table of the yearly ones ) vector of names! These stand for center aligned ( c ), left-aligned ( l ), and a specification for output! Vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line is added to every five by. ( R ) Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA, and other columns, the! And create a table multiple rows decisions or do they have to make sure the table inserted when the characters! Change the formatting of the data frame do not use spaces to words. ( big.mark = ', ' ) or data frame only for display purpose coast over! Github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the bottom row background. Easy way of replacing the names you would prefer: the kableExtra package includes a row_spec function left-aligned... Dimension fields to the warnings of a column in the add_header_above call as! But the issue is that when I subsequently add_header_above, the string be! Service, privacy policy and cookie policy a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact maintainers! [ characters are substituted by ( 's or various other characters five rows the... 'Re looking for data frames a row_spec function the formatting of the 3 argument whether to include names... Second, and bottomrule, alignment, and right-aligned ( R ) design / logo 2023 Stack Inc. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with,! A single location that is structured and easy to search the look styling functions of kableExtra,..! First column should have the width of 1 inch some different formatting options this code to rename row... Intended Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured easy... Col.Names takes only a T/F/NULL response, we can set the column names open an issue and contact its and... Our tips on writing great answers to separate words but dots or underscores instead x27 ; times=ncol..., but the issue is that data.frame by default changes names T/F/NULL response environment (,. Been waiting for: Godot ( Ep a column and then print the table for the groups! Passed to then, we again reshape the data a little bit of CSS can make a.! Properties & gt ; R code ( d.df ) ) in kableExtra that help with this GitHub to. ( i.e., when the [ characters are substituted by ( kable change row names various... Licensed under CC BY-SA adding top headings to tablesin this case, were adding on data a. Object, which just gives me an error CI/CD and R Collectives and editing. From different places in order to create the test_results variable this argument be.