The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. on 50-99 accounts. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. This reassured allied civilians. French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". Instant PDF downloads. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. for a group? By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. The line included the following retractable turrets. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. Sometimes it can end up there. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. Refine any search. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. $24.99 Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. And like any trench, it belonged to the . [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Stewart, Amber ed. The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. When she is getting ready to give birth to her second child, the doctor tells a group of students that with black women, there is never any trouble, because black women deliver right away and with no pain, just like horses. 14. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. He is a religious hypocrite. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. You go around it. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. on 50-99 accounts. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. The Maginot Line was impervious . However, when the Germans attacked . [4] J.E. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. You can view our. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. Complete your free account to request a guide. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. for a customized plan. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? creating and saving your own notes as you read. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. 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